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Discrete Event Simulation (DES) is a well-known approach to simulate production environments. However it was rarely used for operative planning processes and to our knowledge never in terms of multiple disposition levels.In this paper we develop the necessary adjustments to use DES for this purpose and show some theoretical advantages.
The complexity and volatility of companies’ environment increase the relevance of disruption preparation. Resilience enables companies to deal with disruptions, reduce their impact and ensure competitiveness. Especially in the context of procurement, disruptions can cause major challenges while resilience contributes to ensuring material availability. Even though past disruptions have posed various challenges and companies have recognized the need to increase resilience, resilience is often not designed systematically. One major challenge is the number of potential measures to increase resilience. The systematic design of resilience thus requires a detailed understanding of domain-specific measures. This also includes an understanding of the contribution of these measures to different resilience components and their interdependencies. This paper proposes a systematic approach for configuring resilience in procurement which enables the evaluation and selection of resilience measures. Based on a resilience framework, a resilience configurator is developed. The basis of the configurator are resilience potentials that have been characterized and clustered. Overarching approaches to design resilience and indicators to evaluate resilience are presented. Moreover, a procedure is proposed to ensure practical applicability. To evaluate the results two case studies are conducted. The results enable companies to systematically design their resilience in procurement.
Numerous traditional, agile and hybrid development approaches have been proposed for the development of CPS. As the choice of development process is crucial to the success of development projects, it has become a major challenge to identify the best-suited process. This paper introduces a methodology for identifying the best-suited CPS development process, based on the individual boundary conditions for a certain development project within a company. The authors used a set of eight indicators to assess a CPS-development project. The results of the assessment were matched with CPS-development approaches. Based on the matching results a best-suited development process was selected. The application is shown for a use case in the German manufacturing industry. The developed method aims to reduce the risk of project failure due to the wrong choice of development process.
Die Herausforderungen der Zukunft werden geprägt durch digital veredelte Produkte von höchster Qualität und hoher Variantenvielfalt bei gleichzeitig kleiner werdenden Losgrößen. Konventionelle Entwicklungsmethoden stoßen aufgrund zunehmender Komplexität und kürzer werdender Lebenszyklen auf Produktebene an ihre Grenzen. Dadurch werden bei kundenindividueller Produktion die Aufwände in der Arbeitsplanung und -vorbereitung überproportional größer. Eine mögliche Lösung stellt die generative Erstellung der Produktionsstückliste während der Montage dar. Durch das eventbasierte „Mitschreiben der Montage“ werden administrative und planungsintensive Prozesse in der Arbeitsvorbereitung überproportional reduziert und die Erstellung der Stückliste in die manuelle Montage transferiert.
Smartification and digital refinement of products to enable the design of smart ones is a pivotal challenge in the manufacturing industry. Companies fail to design smart products due to missing knowledge of digital technologies and their integral part in product development processes. This paper presents a methodology that enables the derivation of digital functions for smart products through selected cases in manufacturing usage. We develop a morphology that consists of digital functions for smartification. In this context, we explained and derived characteristics by a set of examples regarding smart products in the manufacturing industry. Our methodology reduces the time spent initiating a development project with the focus on smartification.
In diesem Beitrag werden die aktuellen Aktivitäten im Forschungsprojekt „SiZu – Integration von Echtzeitsimulation und Zustandsüberwachung zur Bauteilprognose und Fehleranalyse für die Instandhaltung“ vorgestellt. Ziel des Projektes ist es, die bislang separat genutzten Funktionalitäten Condition-Monitoring und Echtzeitsimulationen in einem Analysewerkzeug (Condition- Analyser) für die Instandhaltung zusammenzuführen und damit Zustandsüberwachungssysteme um die Möglichkeit der Nutzung historischer Anlagendaten und Echtzeitsimulation zu erweitern. Neben der detaillierten Beschreibung der angestrebten Forschungsergebnisse und den daraus resultierenden Nutzungspotentialen für die Instandhaltung wird die zur Zielerreichung entwickelte Vorgehensweise vorgestellt und diskutiert.
Remote services are services enabled by information and communication components and therefore do not require the physical presence of a service technician at the service object to provide a task. The impact of remote service on the capital goods industry has been increasingly significant over the recent yeas. Still many companies struggle with developing and implemenling successful business model, for remote service. This leads to a lot of unaccomplished benefits for the customer as well as for the companies themselves. A survey throughout companies in Ihe industrial machine and plant production sector was conducted in order to determine what successful companies do differently from those that cannot efficiently implement remote service business models.
The study presented in this chapter identifies key suceess factors of companies that effectively implemented remote services for their products. In order to identify the successful companies a scale for measuring remote service success was developed. Only by the use of this scale further findings regarding the success factors were possible. Key findings include the fact that successful companies actively market their remotle service to their customers. Generally they try to approach their remote service business from the operating company's perspective.
Dynamische Märkte verlangen nach effizienten Produktionssystemen. Um Unternehmen in die Lage zu versetzen, ihre Produktionssysteme auf diese Anforderungen einzustellen, entwickelt der Exzellenzcluster „Integrative Production Technology for High-Wage Countries“ an der RWTH Aachen im Rahmen eines Unterprojekts eine Konfigurationslogik, die eine ganzheitliche und gleichzeitig detaillierte Beschreibung des Produktionssystems erlaubt.
Dieser Artikel stellt das entwickelte Modell zur Gestaltung der Supply-Chain detailliert dar. Als Betrachtungsgegenstand wird die distributionsseitige Lieferkette der Ersatzteillogistik gewählt, da deren Gestaltung und Betrieb eine der größten Herausforderungen der logistischen Planung bilden. Die Ersatzteillogistik wird dazu in drei wesentliche Gestaltungsfelder aufgeteilt: Netzwerkdesign, Kooperationskonzepte und Bestandsmanagement. Im Fokus der Betrachtungen stehen die Interdependenzen zwischen den Gestaltungsfeldern und ihren Elementen, da sie die Entscheidungsfindung häufig erschweren.
Die volle Bandbreite aller Abhängigkeiten ist in der Regel nicht zu erfassen. Daher erfolgt eine Reduzierung der Komplexität durch eine Fokussierung der für verschiedene Ersatzteilkategorien wesentlichen Gestaltungselemente. Hierzu wird zunächst eine Klassifizierung der Ersatzteile im Hinblick auf ihre Schlüsselcharakteristiken durchgeführt. Für jede Kategorie muss im Anschluss nur eine reduzierte Menge von Gestaltungselementen berücksichtigt werden, sodass eine vertiefte Analyse dieser relevanten Elemente möglich wird. Mithilfe eines systemdynamischen Ansatzes wird schließlich eine verbesserte Konfiguration des Netzwerkdesigns, des Kooperationskonzepts und des Bestandsmanagements der Ersatzteillieferkette auf der Basis spezifischer logistischer Anforderungen für die entsprechenden Ersatzteilkategorien erreicht.
Within each of the three design fields numerous design elements exist (e.g. degree of centralization, number of warehouses etc. in the field network design). Hence, the interdependencies of all design elements have to be analyzed to allow optimal decisions for the design of an efficient and effective spare parts logistics. Nevertheless, the complexity among all interdependencies can hardly be understood. Therefore it is necessary to reduce the complexity of design decisions by focusing on the most important design elements according to the logistical requirements of different spare part categories. In order to achieve this goal, a classification of spare parts in terms of their key characteristics has been developed. For different spare part categories only a smaller set of design elements and their interdependencies has to be taken into account. The reduced number of key design elements per spare part category can be analyzed and understood in depth. Thus a Systems Dynamics approach is used to allow a better configuration of network design, cooperation concepts and inventory management in spare parts Supply Chains on the basis of specific logistics requirements of different spare part categories.
In dynamic markets flexible and efficient production systems are the main success factor for companies. The production system in this context includes all five phases of the SCOR-Model: Source, Make, Deliver, Plan and Return. In a subproject of the cluster of excellence "Integrative Production Technology for High-Wage Countries" at RWTH Aachen University, a configuration logic is being developed that enables companies to configure their production system according to the dynamic requirements of the market. As a major intermediate result, a holistic description model for production systems has been defined. In combination with numerous attributes in the sub-models, a detailed characterization of the production system is possible.
The sub-model for the design of the Supply Chain (mainly Deliver) will be depicted in detail in this paper. Representative for the design of a Supply Chain, spare parts logistics - as one of the most challenging tasks in logistics planning - is analyzed in depth. For this purpose spare parts logistics is divided into three design fields: network design, cooperation concepts (e.g. with logistics providers, customers, suppliers) and inventory management. Decisions in the design fields are highly interdependent, any spare parts logistics configuration has to take these interdependencies into account.
Digital networking via the company and as well, the overall supply chain, can only succeed if digital planning reflects reality as accurately as possible and if production control can react to deviations in real time. In essence, this leads to a development of process control towards process regulation. While longterm production and resource planning is usually mapped by Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems, detailed planning, including short-term deviations and real-time data at the production level, is increasingly supported by Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) at the production control level. However, in order to bring the underlying system concepts into line with Industry 4.0 efforts in a standardized manner, mutual functional integration within the framework of interoperable production planning and control is of crucial importance. For this purpose, studies were carried out in particular into cause-effect relationships. Thus, the overarching research objective is a valid design model to increase the controllability of production planning and control systems (PPC) in the context of Industry 4.0.
Zur Planung und Steuerung setzen Unternehmen der produzierenden Industrie heute auf umfassenden Softwareeinsatz. Deshalb begründen sie eine geringe logistische Zielerfüllung bezüglich Lieferfähigkeit und Liefertreue häufig mit Defiziten der Software. Doch Praxiserfahrungen zeigen, dass die Industrieanwender die Bedeutung organisatorischer Defizite in der innerund" überbetrieblichen Auftragsabwicklung deutlich unterschätzen.
Deshalb untersuchten die drei Institute
• Fraunhofer Institut für Produktionstechnik und Automatisierung IPA, Stuttgart;
• Forschungsinstitut für Rationalisierung FIR, Aachen sowie
• Laboratorium für Werkzeugmaschinen und Betriebslehre WZL der RWTH
Aachen
den Einfluss dieser Defizite auf die Lieferterminermittlung und -erfüllung. Ausgangspunkt der Studie waren Thesen, die eine qualitative Befragung der Produktions- und Logistikverantwortlichen verifizieren sollte.
Subscription business transforms traditional business models of machinery and plant engineering. Many manufacturing companies struggle to pull out the potential created by Industry 4.0 and make it economically usable. In addition to technological innovations, it is necessary to transform the business model. This leads to a shift from ownership-based and product-centric business models to outcome-based business models, which focus on the customer's value and thus realize a unique value proposition and competitive advantage – the outcome economy. Based on a case study analysis among manufacturing companies, this paper provides further clarification including a definition and constituent characteristics of subscription business models in machinery and plant engineering.
Der Begriff „Digitaler Schatten“ steht für ein hinreichend genaues, digitales Abbild der Prozesse, Information und Daten eines Unternehmens. Dieses Abbild wird benötigt, um eine echtzeitfähige Auswertebasis aller relevanten Daten zu schaffen, um hieraus letztendlich Handlungsempfehlungen abzuleiten. Die Bildung des Digitalen Schattens ist damit ein zentrales Handlungsfeld von Industrie 4.0 und stellt die Grundlage für alle weitergehenden Aktivitäten dar.
In den folgenden Abschnitten werden Szenarien zur Weiterentwicklung der Projektergebnisse von myOpenFactory vorgestellt, die neben der bereits erwähnten und begonnenen Internationalisierung des Standards möglich und sinnvoll sind. Diese Darstellung ist nicht vollständig und als Anregung für den weiteren Handlungsbedarf zu verstehen.
5.1 Die Projektergebnisse von myOpenFactory (Teilkapitel aus Kap. 5: Zusammenfassung und Ausblick)
(2007)
Die Herausforderung der myOpenFactory-Initiative lässt sich zusammenfassend beschreiben als die informationstechnische Unterstützung unternehmensübergreifender Prozesse der Auftrags- und Projektabwicklung temporärer Produktionsnetzwerke im Maschinen- und Anlagenbau. Die hohe Komplexität der entsprechenden Koordinationsaufgaben solcher Produktionsnetzwerke resultiert einerseits aus dem hohen Vernetzungsgrad der Strukturen bei meist nur geringer Dauer der projektbezogenen Geschäftsbeziehungen und andererseits aus der Inkompatibilität marktgängiger Softwaresysteme sowie der mangelhaften organisatorischen Gestaltung der überbetrieblichen Auftragsabwicklung.
The growth of installed wind capacities generated a market with a huge variety of service offers for operation & maintenance of wind turbines. Different parties like manufacturers, component suppliers as well as independent service providers compete for the attractive after sales market. An innovative service offer which seems to meet the customers’ requirements is the guarantee of availability for wind turbines. However, these service providers are facing new challenges regarding their performance potentials and their financial risks occurring from possible penalties. Service providers have to reconsider their preparedness of performance, their new occurring financials risks, their cooperation and qualification level as well as their localization of service bases. To be able to quantify these new challenges and risks a simulation model has been designed in the context of a German research project named “WinServ”.
Industrial Service Providers (ISP) are exposed to constantly raising competitive pressures regarding both cost and performance aspects. The massive challenges caused by the current worldwide financial and economic crisis even intensified the need for process optimizations aimed at increasing the productivity of service production. To reach this goal the evaluation and elimination of waste in their production processes becomes a crucial ability for ISPs. This paper proposes a new approach for increasing productivity in service production processes using a generic measurement model for the detection and evaluation of waste. The model is based on established lean management principles, but tailored to the specifics of ISPs by adopting a customers’ perspective to track down and eliminate waste. The evaluation builds on an in-depth-analysis of particular types of waste in the industrial service production processes. Viewed from the customers’ perspective and taking into account the specific characteristics of services (e.g. intangibility, heterogeneity, inseparability, and perishability) and service production (e.g. volatile demand, a tendency to over-capacity, and limits to planning) the approach employs a service blueprint reference model to then determine the different types of waste in the various parts of the service production process.
IT-Systeme helfen Unternehmen dabei, ihre industriellen Dienstleistungen effizienter zu gestalten und weiterzuentwickeln sowie die Effizienz der Dienstleistungsprozesse zu steigern. Typische IT-Systeme, die im Bereich der industriellen Dienstleistungen eingesetzt werden, sind Servicemanagementsysteme (SMS) und Customer-Relationship-Management-Systeme (CRM-Systeme). SMS unterstützen den Anwender bei der Datenverwaltung und der Erfassung seiner Kern- und Querschnittsfunktionen.
Da auf dem Markt eine Vielzahl von Service-IT-Systemen existiert, die unterschiedliche Herausforderungen adressieren, bestehen Schwierigkeiten für den Anwender, diese miteinander zu vergleichen. Anhand eines Referenzmodells werden die möglichen Funktionen von SMS beschrieben und es wird ein Ansatz geliefert, diese zu beurteilen. Das vorgestellte Referenzmodell beschreibt den Funktionsumfang von SMS für den Service im Maschinen- und Anlagenbau. Die Kundenbindung nimmt im Management industrieller Dienstleistungen einen hohen Stellenwert ein, da sie sich direkt auf den Erfolg eines Unternehmens auswirkt. Aufgrund der zunehmenden Globalisierung und der steigenden Transparenz der Märkte lässt sich eine abnehmende Kundenloyalität beobachten. Als Folge dessen lässt sich in Unternehmen ein Wandel von einer Prozessorientierung hin zur Kundenorientierung feststellen.
Das Konzept der CRM-Systeme soll Unternehmen in die Lage versetzen, die Kundenbindung zu erhöhen und somit der Herausforderung der abnehmenden Kundenloyalität entgegenzuwirken. Dazu werden die grundlegenden Prinzipien und Funktionalitäten von CRM-Systemen erläutert. Der Beitrag schließt ab mit der Darstellung einer Vorgehensweise zur Auswahl von IT-Systemen.
Companies are transforming from transactional sales to providing solutions for their customers. Mostly, smart products, enabling companies to enhance their products by providing smart services to their customers, are a key building block in this transformation. However, the development of a smart product requires many digital skills and knowledge, which regular companies do not have. To facilitate the design and conceptualization of smart products, this paper presents a use-case-based information systems architecture prototype for smart products. Furthermore, the paper features the application and evaluation of the architecture on two different smart product projects. The use of such an architecture as a reference in smart product development serves as a huge advantage and accelerator for inexperienced companies, allowing faster entry into this new field of business. [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-14844-6_16]
Digital technologies have gained significant importance in the course of the 4th Industrial Revolution and these technologies are widely implemented, nowadays. However, it is necessary to bear in mind that an ill-considered use can quickly have a negative impact on the environment in which the technology is used. For more responsible and sustainable use, the regulation of digital technologies is therefore necessary today. Since the government is taking a very slow response, as the example of the AI Act shows, companies need to take action themselves today. In this context, one of the central questions for companies is: "Which digital technologies are relevant for manufacturing companies in terms of regulation? This paper conducted a quantitative Delphi study to answer this question. The results of the Delphi study are presented and evaluated within the framework of a data analysis. In addition, it will be discussed how to proceed with the results so that manufacturing companies can benefit from them. Furthermore, the paper contributes to the development of an AI platform in the German research project PAIRS by investigating the compliance relevance of artificial intelligence applications.