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In the age of digitalization, manufacturing companies are under increased pressure to change due to product complexity, growing customer requirements and digital business models. The increasing digitization of processes and products is opening up numerous opportunities for mechanical engineering companies to exploit the resulting potential for value creation. Subscription business is a new form of business model in the mechanical engineering industry, which aims to continuously increase customer benefit to align the interests of both companies and customers. Characterized by a permanent data exchange, databased learning about customer behavior, and the transfer into continuous innovations to increase customer value, subscription business helps to make Industry 4.0 profitable. The fact that machines and plants are connected to the internet and exchange large amounts of data results in critical information security risks. In addition, the loss of knowledge and control, data misuse and espionage, as well as the manipulation of transaction or production data in the context of subscription transactions are particularly high risks. Complementary to direct and obvious consequences such as loss of production, the attacks are increasingly shifting to non-transparent and creeping impairments of production or product quality, which are only apparent at a late stage, or the influencing of payment flows. A transparent presentation of possible risks and their scope, as well as their interrelationships, does not exist. This paper shows a research approach in which the structure of subscription models and their different manifestations based on their risks and vulnerabilities are characterized. This allows suitable cyber security measures to be taken at an early stage. From this basis, companies can secure existing or planned subscription business models and thus strengthen the trust of business partners and customers.
Prinzipien zur erfolgreichen Umsetzung von KI-Geschäftsmodellinnovationen
In Zeiten des zunehmenden globalen Wettbewerbs und hoch vernetzter Wertschöpfungsketten entwickelt sich Künstliche Intelligenz zu einem immer wichtiger werdenden Wettbewerbsfaktor für Unternehmen am Wirtschaftsstandort Deutschland. Durch den Einsatz von KI-Verfahren können nicht nur interne Geschäftsprozesse kostensenkend optimiert, sondern auch neue, digitale Geschäftsfelder und -modelle erschlossen werden. Es lassen sich zum einen Trends identifizieren, denen der Einsatz von KI in deutschen Unternehmen folgt. Zum anderen zeigt sich, dass sich KI unterschiedlich stark auf verschiedene Dimensionen innovativer Geschäftsmodelle auswirkt. Insgesamt lassen sich so Prinzipien ableiten, die die erfolgreiche Umsetzung von KI-Geschäftsmodellinnovationen beschreiben.
Neue Technologie- und Anwendungstrends kennzeichnen KI-Nutzung
Die tatsächliche KI-Landschaft in den Wertschöpfungsketten von KI-nutzenden Unternehmen ist durch Trends gekennzeichnet. Diese lassen sich in Technologie- und Anwendungstrends unterteilen. Experteninterviews zeigen beispielsweise, dass KI-Anwendungen bevorzugt auf Cloud-Infrastrukturen entwickelt und bereitgestellt werden. Das wiederum rückt die Frage nach der Wahrung der Datensouveränität in den Vordergrund. Anwendung findet KI tendenziell zur Prognose und Überwachung.
Sechs Prinzipien beeinflussen die erfolgreiche Umsetzung von KI-Geschäftsmodellinnovationen
Fallstudien über ein breites Spektrum der deutschen Wirtschaft beleuchten, welche Aspekte eines KI-basierten Geschäftsmodells den größten Effekt auf das Unternehmen haben. Hier lässt sich ein besonders hoher Einfluss von KI auf das Nutzenversprechen neuartiger, digitaler Leistungen der Unternehmen an die Kundinnen und Kunden feststellen. So lassen sich sechs Erfolgsprinzipien zur erfolgreichen Implementierung von KI-Technologien identifizieren, um die wirtschaftliche Nutzung von KI für Unternehmen in Deutschland im globalen Wettbewerb weiter zu steigern. So empfiehlt es sich zum Beispiel – neben der Auswahl des richtigen KI-Anwendungsfalles – ebenfalls darauf zu achten, dass die KI-Anwendung sowohl den Anbietenden wie auch den Anwendenden nützt. Diese und weitere Erfolgsprinzipien werden detailliert in der Studie Künstliche Intelligenz – Geschäftsmodellinnovationen und Entwicklungstrends beschrieben.
Industry 4.0 and Smart Maintenance represent a great opportunity to make manufacturing and maintenance more effective, safer, and reliable. However, they also represent massive change and corresponding challenges for industrial companies, as many different options and starting points have to be weighed and the individual right paths for achieving Smart Maintenance need to be identified. In our paper, we describe our approach to evaluating maintenance organizations in a case study for the oil and gas industry, developing a shared vision for the future, and deriving economical and effective measures. We will demonstrate our approach, by showcasing a specific example from the oil and gas industry, where a need for action on HSE-relevant critical flanges in the company's piping systems was identified. We describe the steps, that were taken to identify the need for action, the specifications of the project and the criticality analysis of the piping system. This resulted in the derivation of a digitalization measure for critical flanges, which was first commercially analyzed and then the flanges were equipped with a continuous monitoring solution. Finally, a conclusion is drawn on the performed procedure and the achieved improvements.
Subscription business transforms traditional business models of machinery and plant engineering. Many manufacturing companies struggle to pull out the potential created by Industry 4.0 and make it economically usable. In addition to technological innovations, it is necessary to transform the business model. This leads to a shift from ownership-based and product-centric business models to outcome-based business models, which focus on the customer's value and thus realize a unique value proposition and competitive advantage – the outcome economy. Based on a case study analysis among manufacturing companies, this paper provides further clarification including a definition and constituent characteristics of subscription business models in machinery and plant engineering.
The successful use of Business Analytics is increasingly becoming a differentiating competitive factor. The ability to extract data-driven insights and integrate them into decision-making is becoming growingly important. The underlying technologies are evolving exponentially, the value proposition differs from simple descriptive applications to automated decision-making. Existing approaches found in literature and practice to classify those levels only insufficiently mark down the boundaries between the different technology levels. As a consequence, it is often unclear which characteristics of the technology interact with the working environment, which can be described as a socio-technical system. Using a systematic literature review, this paper identifies the characteristics of Business Analytics and delineates three types of Business Analytics based on case studies. Thus, a starting point for the socio-technical system design and optimization for the use of Business Analytics is created.
Nowadays, the market for information and communication technologies used for IOT-applications grows daily. Since companies need technologies to transform their business processes corresponding to the digital revolution, they need to know which technologies are available, and fit the best for their use case. Their inertial issue is the lacking overview of technologies suitable to connect their production or logistics. Hence, this paper presents a methodology to select technologies (and combinations) based on their functions. It differentiates between information and communication technologies, digital technologies and connecting technologies by the physical function and its role in a cyber-physical system. Depending on the use case, the applicability of every technology varies. Due to that reason, the paper illustrates a ranked qualification of the technologies for typical use cases, focussing tracking and tracing issues in the intralogistics of producing companies. The evaluation is performed upon a literature research, a market study to identify suitable technologies, and various expert interviews to assess the applicability of the technologies.
Competitive differentiation in the manufacturing sector is no longer based on product and service innovations alone but on the ability to monetize the usage phase of products and services. To this end, manufacturers are increasingly looking at so-called subscription business models as a way of supplementing the traditional sale of products and services. Since supplier success in the subscription business is directly dependent on customer success, the setup and expansion of a so-called Customer Success Management (CSM) is required. While CSM has already been established in the software industry for several years, companies in the manufacturing sector are often still in the conceptual phase of a CSM, parallel to the setup and expansion of their subscription business. Therefore, this paper aims to support the set-up of a CSM by providing a reference data model, based on case study research, that can be used to support the organizational or daily CSM tasks and to serve as a blueprint for conceptualizing CSM-specific IT systems.
Systematisation Approach
(2023)
Current megatrends such as globalisation and digitalisation are increasing complexity, making systems for well-founded and short-term decision support indispensable. A necessary condition for reliable decision-making is high data quality. In practice, it is repeatedly shown that data quality is insufficient, especially in master and transaction data. Moreover, upcoming approaches for data-based decisions consistently raise the required level of data quality. Hence, the importance of handling insufficient data quality is currently and will remain elementary. Since the literature does not systematically consider the possibilities in the case of insufficient data quality, this paper presents a general model and systematic approach for handling those cases in real-world scenarios. The model developed here presents the various possibilities of handling insufficient data quality in a process-based approach as a framework for decision support. The individual aspects of the model are examined in more detail along the process chain from data acquisition to final data processing. Subsequently, the systematic approach is applied and contextualised for production planning and supply chain event management, respectively. Due to their general validity, the results enable companies to manage insufficient data quality systematically.
Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) hat sich über die letzten Jahre stetig zu einem Thema mit strategischer Priorität für Unternehmen entwickelt. Das zeigt sich nicht zuletzt in der gesteigerten Investitionsbereitschaft deutscher Unternehmen in KI-Projekte. Wirtschaftliche Akteure haben erkannt, dass durch eine sinnvolle Nutzung von KI-Technologien Wettbewerbsvorteile erzielt werden können. Die vorliegende Studie legt das Augenmerk auf den industriellen Einsatz einer KI-Technologie, die bereits heute von vielen Unternehmen erfolgreich genutzt wird: Die natürliche Sprachverarbeitung (engl. Natural Language Processing, kurz NLP). Die wirtschaftlichen Potenziale der Technologie liegen dabei in ihrer Fähigkeit, betriebliche Abläufe zu automatisieren und die Schnittstelle zwischen Mensch und Maschine zu verbessern und zu vereinfachen. Ziel der Studie ist es, die Potenziale der NLP-Technologie für Unternehmen nutzbar zu machen, indem konkrete Anwendungsfälle und allgemeine Handlungsempfehlungen sowie Nutzen und Risiken aufgezeigt werden.
Klar Schiff
(2009)
Im Rahmen dieser Studie untersuchten das Forschungsinstitut für Rationalisierung e. V. an der RWTH Aachen und die Universität St. Gallen
(Lehrstuhl Produktionsmanagement) 24 Veröffentlichungen von 11 Beratungsunternehmen. Dabei wurden über 200 Aussagen zur Bewältigung der Krise bewertungsneutral identifiziert und analysiert.
Generation of a Data Model For Quotation Costing Of Make To Order Manufacturers From Case Studies
(2022)
For contract or make to order manufacturers, quotation costing is a complex process that is mainly performed based on experience. Due to the high diversity of the product range of these mostly small or medium-sized companies (SMEs) and the poor data situation at the time of quotation preparation, the quality of the calculation is subject to strong variations and uncertainties. The gap between the initial quotation costing and the actual costs to be spent (pre- and post-calculation) is crucial to the existence of SMEs. Digitalization in general can help companies to get a better understanding of processes and to generate data. For improving these processes, an understanding of the important data for that specific process is crucial. Accurate quotation costing for customized products is time-consuming and resource-intensive, as there is a lack of an overview of data to be used within the process. This paper therefore derives a data model for supporting quotation costing in the company, based on literature-based costing procedures and recorded case studies for quotation and calculation. Based on the results, SMEs will have a first overview of the needed data for quotation costing to optimize their calculation process.
Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) hat als Technologie in den vergangenen Jahren Marktreife erlangt. Es existiert eine Vielzahl benutzerfreundlicher Produkte und Services, welche die Anwendung von KI im Alltag und im Unternehmen vereinfachen. Die Herausforderung, vor denen Anwendende, gerade im betriebswirtschaftlichen Kontext, stehen, ist nicht die technische Machbarkeit einer KI-Applikation, sondern deren organisatorisch und rechtlich zulässige Gestaltung. Zu einer zunehmenden Dynamik in der Gesetzgebung kommt ein gesellschaftliches Interesse an der Kontrolle und Transparenz über die für KI-Modelle erhobenen Daten. Die Diskussion über Datensouveränität im geschäftlichen und privaten Alltag rückt mehr und mehr in das Zentrum der öffentlichen Aufmerksamkeit.
Datenbasierte KI-Anwendungen stehen damit in einem Spannungsfeld zwischen den Potenzialen, die das Erheben und Teilen von Daten über Unternehmensgrenzen hinweg bietet, und der Herausforderung, die Datensouveränität der involvierten Personen zu wahren. Die vorliegende Studie soll erstens über die Auswirkungen der Datensouveränität und die damit verbundenen aktuellen und kommenden Regularien auf KI-Anwendungsfälle aufklären. Dafür wurden Expertinnen und Experten aus den Bereichen Recht, KI- und Organisationsforschung befragt. Zweitens zeigt die Studie Potenziale und Best Practices von KI-Anwendungsfällen mit überbetrieblichem Datenaustausch auf. Dafür wurden Fallstudien in Unternehmen durchgeführt, die bereits erfolgreich Datenaustausch in ihre Geschäftsmodelle integriert haben, um ihre KI-Applikationen zu betreiben und zu verbessern.
Ziel des Forschungsbereichs "Selbstoptimierende Produktionssysteme" ist es, sowohl technische als auch soziotechnische Produktionssysteme zu entwickeln, die durch Selbstoptimierung eine bessere Performance erreichen, als bei der Auslegung geplant und erwartet werden kann. Im Fokus steht die Steigerung der Produktivität in der Produktion direkt vor Ort. Bedeutend ist die dezentrale Entscheidungsfähigkeit der Mitarbeiter auf dem Shopfloor und in unterstützenden Bereichen, sowie der kognitiven und adaptiven Systeme und Netzwerke in der Produktion.
Die Verschärfung des Wettbewerbsumfelds produzierender Unternehmen und die als Antwort hierauf in den Fokus rückenden agilen Methoden vergrößern die Bedeutung einer effizienten Handhabung von Änderungsprozessen. Am Beispiel des Maschinen- und Anlagenbauers Ortlinghaus zeigt der Beitrag, dass eine Kombination aus ungeeigneten Änderungsprozessen und mangelhaftem IT-Support in der Praxis oft die schnelle und gleichzeitig qualitätsgesicherte Durchführung von Änderungsprozessen verhindert. Der Zielkonflikt aus geringem Zeitbedarf und hoher Prozessqualität lässt sich durch Anpassungen in der IT-Unterstützung reduzieren. Hierdurch können Erfolgsfaktoren für ein effizientes Änderungsmanagement gehoben und die Problemfelder der Workflowunterstützung, Informationsverteilung und Datenhandhabung verbessert werden. Zentrales Hindernis zur Adressierung der Erfolgsfaktoren stellt die aktuell zur Abwicklung von Change Requests genutzte Arbeitsumgebung dar. Der Beitrag präsentiert hierfür als zentralen Lösungsansatz die Internet of Production Infrastruktur. Das Potenzial der Internet of Production Infrastruktur im Kontext des Änderungsmanagements wird anhand von drei Anwendungsbeispielen verdeutlicht. Abschließend wird der Migrationspfad für Unternehmen bei der Einführung eines effizienten Änderungsmanagements aufgezeigt.
This research area focuses on the management systems and principles of a production system. It aims at controlling the complex interplay of heterogeneous processes in a highly dynamic environment, with special focus on individualized products in high-wage countries. The project addresses the comprehensive application of self-optimizing principles on all levels of the value chain. This implies the integration of self-optimizing control loops on cell level, with those addressing the production planning and control as well as supply chain and quality management aspects. A specific focus is on the consideration of human decisions during the production process. To establish socio-technical control loops, it is necessary to understand how human decisions are made in diffuse working processes as well as how cognitive and affective abilities form the human factor within production processes.
This paper contributes to an assessment framework for valuing data as an asset. Particularly industrial manufacturers developing and delivering Smart Product Service Systems (Smart PSS) are comprehensively depended on the business value derived by processing data. However, there is a lack in a framework for capturing and comparing the Smart PSS data value with the purpose of increasing the accountability of data initiatives. Therefore a qualitative data value assessment approach was developed and specified on Smart PSS, based on an industrial case study research. [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-57997-5_39]
Long-term production management defines the future production structure and ensures the long-term competitiveness. Companies around the world currently have to deal with the challenge of making decisions in an uncertain and rapidly changing environment. The quality of decision-making suffers from the rapidly changing global market requirements and the uniqueness and infrequency with which decisions are made. Since decisions in long-term production management can rarely be reversed and are associated with high costs, an increase in decision quality is urgently needed. To this end, four different applications are presented in the following, which support the decision process by increasing decision quality and make uncertainty manageable. For each of the applications presented, a separate digital shadow was built with the objective of being able to make better decisions from existing data from production and the environment. In addition, a linking of the applications is being pursued:
The Best Practice Sharing App creates transparency about existing production knowledge through the data-based identification of comparable production processes in the production network and helps to share best practices between sites. With the Supply Chain Cockpit, resilience can be increased through a data-based design of the procurement strategy that enables to manage disruptions. By adapting the procurement strategy for example by choosing suppliers at different locations the impact of disruptions can be reduced. While the Supply Chain Cockpit focuses on the strategy and decisions that affect the external partners (e.g., suppliers), the Data-Driven Site Selection concentrates on determining the sites of the company-internal global production network by creating transparency in the decision process of site selections. Different external data from various sources are analyzed and visualized in an appropriate way to support the decision process. Finally, the issue of sustainability is also crucial for successful long-term production management. Thus, the Sustainable Footprint Design App presents an approach that takes into account key sustainability indicators for network design. [https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-030-98062-7_15-1]
Reliability-centered maintenance for production assets is a well-established concept for the most effective and efficient disposition of maintenance resources. Unfortunately, the approach takes a lot of effort and relies heavily on the knowledge of individuals. Reliability data in Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS) is scarce and almost never used well. An automated risk assessment system would have the potential to contribute to the dissemination and effective use of risk information and analysis. The individuality of production setting, however, prevents current systems from being practically relevant for most industries. The presented approach combines ontologies to store and link knowledge, an information logistics model displaying the various information streams, and the Internet of production to take the different user systems and infrastructure layers into account. The provided model of a reference digital shadow for risk information and a detailed information logistics model will help software companies to improve reliability software, standardize and enable assets owners to establish a customized digital shadow for their production networks. [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-57993-7_2]
One major problem of today’s producing companies is to reach a high adherence to delivery dates while considering the volatile market situation as well as economic aspects. This problem can only be solved by using a production control that is optimally adapted to the processes. A good working, process-oriented production control is essential for being able to control the production situation and to ensure a high adherence to delivery dates. Data generation and processing determine the success of production control. Current processes and IT systems have several shortcomings in meeting these challenges.
The solution for this problem is the so called “cyber physical production control” (CPPC). It optimally supports the production scheduler in his decision making process based on real-time high-resolution data. With the help of data analytics, the production controller receives decision support over various steps. Due to CPPC, the overall goal of a high adherence to delivery dates can be fundamentally increased.
Nowadays, cyber physical systems support the improvement of efficiency in intralogistics by controlling and manipulating the production and logistic environment autonomously. Due to the complexity of the individual production processes, designing suitable cyber-physical systems based on their existing production environment is a challenge for companies.
This paper presents a new methodology on how to design cyber-physical systems conceptually to suit an individual production environment. Compared to existing design approaches, this methodology matches immediately the required functions to existing information and communication technology’s components insisting on the neutral assimilation of requirements.
Therefore, the requirement specification asks for needed functions in relating to offered functions of information and communication technology (ICT) components. The paper focusses the use case of implementing a cutting-edge mobile network technology into an existing tracking and tracing process.